Foot: soft tissue, bone (only calcaneus);

Shoe: insole, heel counter, midsole, outsole.

Foot: hyperelastic for soft tissue and rigid body for calcaneus;

Shoe: purely elastic for insole and midsole; linearly elastic for heel counter and outsole.

1-) Fix the support plate;

2-) Apply the landing impact force to the heel pad.

1-) Impact force pattern;

2-) Heel pad deformation;

3-) Plantar pressure. (published literature data)

ABAQUS 6.12

Two Intel Xeon processor, 5h 12min (3D model), 7min (2D model).

Foot: soft tissue, bone (only calcaneus);

Shoe: midsole.

Foot: linearly elastic for calcaneus, nonlinear viscoelastic for heel pad;

Shoe: linear viscoelastic.

1-) Fix the midsole or heel pad;

2-) Apply sinusoidal force wave on the superior surface of the calcaneus.

COSMOSWorks 2005

NA

Foot: soft tissue;

Shoe: midsole, outsole.

Foot: hyperelastic;

Shoe: hyperelastic.

1-) Introduce a homogeneous 3D structure of a foot prosthesis into the assembled model, connecting its plantar surface nodes to the calcaneal, metatarsal, and phalangeal plates;

2-) Apply the 6 degrees of freedom foot segment kinematics to the three foot plates through rigid body reference points.

1-) GRF;

2-) Center of pressure.

ABAQUS 6.12

NA

Foot: soft tissue, bones, cartilage, Achilles tendon;

Shoe: upper, insole,

midsole, outsole.

Foot: linearly elastic for all component except soft tissue (hyperelastic);

Shoe: linearly elastic for all component except outsole (hyperelastic).

1-) Fix the proximal surfaces of the soft tissue, tibia, and fibula;

2-) Apply vertical concentrated forces in 100N increments under the support plate for each condition;

3-) Apply the AT forces to the distal Achilles tendon through the muscle connectors.

1-) Plantar pressure.

ABAQUS 6.13

Four Intel Core i7-7700K processor,

6h 10min

Foot: soft tissue, bones, plantar fascia;

Shoe: sole.

Foot: linearly elastic for all component except soft tissue (hyperelastic);

Shoe: linearly elastic.

1-) Fix the sole;

2-) Apply the ankle joint force and moment at the independent node at the origin of the ankle joint coordinate system;

3-) Apply the body force due to total body weight to all elements.

2) Plantar pressure;

3) Contact area.

ABAQUS 2018

NA

Foot: soft tissue, bones, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: upper, sole, carbon-fiber plate.

Foot: linearly elastic;

Shoe: linearly elastic.

1-) Fix the proximal surfaces of the soft tissue, tibia, fibula, and shoe tongue;

2-) Apply the AT force at the superior surface of the calcaneus through the muscle connectors;

3-) Apply the MTP joint contact force on the top surface of the middle cuneiform;

4-) Iterate the continuous displacement load under the plate until the simulated force reaches the GRF value.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Outsole pressure.

ANSYS 2021 R1

Four Intel Core i7-8565U processor, 8h 6min

Foot: soft tissue, bones, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: upper, sole, carbon-fiber plate.

Foot: linearly elastic;

Shoe: linearly elastic.

1-) Fix the proximal surfaces of the soft tissue, tibia, fibula, and shoe tongue;

2-) Apply the AT force at the superior surface of the calcaneus through the muscle connectors;

3-) Apply the MTP joint contact force on the top surface of the middle cuneiform;

4-) Iterate the continuous displacement load under the plate until the simulated force reaches the GRF value.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Outsole pressure.

ANSYS 2021 R1

Four Intel Core

i7-8565U processor, 8h 11min

Foot: soft tissue, bone (only calcaneus);

Shoe: midsole.

Foot: hyperelastic;

Shoe: hyperelastic.

1-) Fix the midsole;

2-) Ramp down the upper calcaneus boundary by 20 mm (12 mm when no foam is present).

1-) Plantar pressure.

ABAQUS 6.3

NA

Foot: soft tissue, bones, cartilages, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: upper, heel cup, insole, midsole, outsole.

Foot: linearly elastic;

Shoe: linearly elastic for upper and outsole, hyperelastic for heel cup, insole, and midsole.

1-) Fix the proximal surfaces of the soft tissue, tibia, fibula, and shoe tongue;

2-) Apply the AT force at the superior surface of the calcaneus through the muscle connectors;

3-) Apply the ankle joint contact force on the top surface of the talus;

4-) Iterate the continuous displacement load under the plate until the simulated force reaches the GRF value.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Outsole pressure.

ANSYS 19.0

NA

Foot: soft tissue, bones, cartilages, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: insole, midsole, outsole.

Foot: linearly elastic for all component except soft tissue and skin (hyperelastic);

Shoe: linearly elastic.

1-) Fix the support plate;

2-) Add the initial landing velocity to the finite element model;

3-) Apply the ankle joint moment and ankle joint reaction force to the slipring connectors and tibiotalar articular surface of the talus, respectively;

4-) Apply the MPJ joint force on the top surface of the middle cuneiform bone.

ANSYS 2021 R1

Fourteen Intel Core Ultra 5 processors, 4h 4min

Foot: soft tissue, bones, cartilages, Achilles tendon, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: insole, midsole, outsole.

Foot: linearly elastic for all component except soft tissue (hyperelastic);

Shoe: linearly elastic.

1-) Fix the proximal surfaces of the soft tissue, tibia, and fibula;

2-) Apply the five muscle force through the muscle connectors;

3-) Apply the vertical GRF to the support plate.

ANSYS 2021 R1

Fourteen Intel Core Ultra 5 processors, 4h 12min

Foot: soft tissue, bones, cartilages, ligaments (including plantar fascia);

Shoe: upper, midsole, outsole.

Foot: linearly elastic;

Shoe: linearly elastic for all component except midsole (hyperelastic).

1-) Fix the ground support plate and the upper ends of the tibia and fibula;

2-) Apply the net joint force to the middle part of the upper surface of the talus;

3-) Apply the AT force to the attachment point of the Achilles tendon via the node force.

1-) Plantar pressure;

2-) Outsole pressure.

ANSYS 12.1

Six Intel Core i7-8700k processor, 6h