Table 3. Subgroup analyses. |
| Subgroup |
Subgroup
categories |
Number
of studies |
Effect
size of means (95% CI) |
Z-Value |
p-Value |
Q-statistics |
| Age |
Young |
16 |
0.415 (0.207–0.623) |
3.911 |
< 0.001 |
|
| Middle-aged
and older |
3 |
0.131
(–0.295–0.557) |
0.602 |
0.547 |
|
| Overall |
19 |
0.366 (0.187–0.546) |
4.008 |
|
(Q = 1.38,
df (Q) = 1, p = 0.24) |
| Sex |
Male |
9 |
0.426
(0.134–0.719) |
2.857 |
0.004 |
|
| Mixed
sex |
7 |
0.361 (0.057–0.664) |
2.329 |
0.020 |
|
| Overall |
16 |
0.391
(0.188–0.594) |
3.768 |
<
0.001* |
(Q
= 0.09, df (Q) = 1, p = 0.76) |
| Stretching
methods |
Dynamic
stretching |
12 |
0.419 (0.147–0.690) |
3.024 |
0.002 |
|
| Ballistic
stretching |
7 |
0.461
(0.197–0.726) |
3.420 |
<
0.001 |
|
| Overall |
19 |
0.426 (0.236–0.616) |
4.395 |
< 0.001* |
(Q = 0.05,
df (Q) = 1, p = 0.83) |
| Stretched
muscles |
Hamstrings |
6 |
0.569
(0.156–0.981) |
2.699 |
0.007 |
|
| Plantar
flexors |
4 |
0.510 (–0.020–1.040) |
1.886 |
0.059 |
|
| Multiple
muscles |
7 |
0.190
(–0.031–0.412) |
1.686 |
0.092 |
|
| Overall |
17 |
0.372 (0.187–0.557) |
3.936 |
< 0.001* |
(Q = 3.17,
df (Q) = 2, p = 0.20) |
| Flexibility
outcome |
Single-joint
ROM |
9 |
0.326
(0.093–0.559) |
2.742 |
0.006 |
|
| Straight-leg
raise test |
4 |
0.698 (0.076–1.320) |
2.199 |
0.028 |
|
| Sit-and-reach
test |
7 |
0.221
(0.006–0.435) |
2.016 |
0.044 |
|
| Overall |
20 |
0.336 (0.185–0.486) |
4.371 |
< 0.001* |
(Q = 2.14,
df (Q) = 2, p = 0.34) |
|
ROM, range of motion; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; mixed sex, males and females |
* Significant difference within a group. |
|