Table 1.
Study characteristics and absolute reliability in children and adolescents.
Author (Year)
Age (yr)
Sex
Device
Interval
Arm
HGS test1
HGS test2
MD (kg)
% MD
Young Children (< 7 years old)
Svensson et al (
2008
)
6 years
19BG
Grippit
7 days
NR
7.65 (2.24)
7.85 (2.65)
1.36
17.5
Sanchez-Delgado et al (
2015
)
(3-5)
32B
Takei
3 hours
NR
6.6 (3.0)
6.2 (2.6)
2.52
39.4
(3-5)
24G
6.6 (3.1)
6.7 (3.0)
2.17
32.7
Cadenas-Sanchez et al (
2016
)
4.90 (0.86)
92B
Takei
14 days
Avg of both hands
8.40 (2.40)
8.02 (2.56)
2.59
31.5
4.82 (0.79)
69G
7.24 (2.34)
7.22 (2.21)
2.37
32.8
Amado-Pacheco et al (
2019
)
4.04 (0.82)
48B
NR
14 days
Avg of both hands
8.19 (2.46)
8.10 (2.39)
1.14
14.0
3.95 (0.82)
42G
7.30 (1.95)
7.35 (1.92)
1.41
19.3
Abe et al (
2022
)
6.1 (0.3)
8B 5G
Takei
7 days
Right
10.3 (1.4)
10.1 (1.1)
1.60
15.8
King-Dowling et al (
2024
)
4.7 (0.6)
22B 20G
Takei
2-3 weeks
Dominant Nondominant
7.4 (1.6)
7.8 (1.6)
2.16
28.4
7.7 (1.5)
7.8 (1.5)
1.76
22.8
Children (7-10 years)
Espana-Romero et al (
2010
)
(6-11)
58BG
Takei
7 days
Sum of both hands
29.9 (4.9)
28.4 (3.8)
4.31
14.8
Gerodimos (
2012
)
9.85 (0.70)
30B [BB]
Jamar
24 hours
Preferred
20.06 (4.67)
20.32 (4.81)
3.23
16.0
Non-preferred
19.78 (4.59)
19.92 (4.59)
2.37
12.0
Gerodimos & Karatrantou (
2013
)
9.49 (0.96)
27B [WR]
Jamar
24 hours
Preferred
22.33 (3.37)
22.11 (3.66)
2.55
11.5
Non-preferred
21.78 (3.30)
21.59 (3.42)
2.74
12.7
Fernandez-Santos et al (
2016
)
8.7 (1.8)
98B 82G
Takei
7 days
Sum of both hands
31.5 (10.1)
31.3 (9.9)
5.25
16.7
Gasior et al (
2020
)
7~9
69B 68G
Jamar
24 hours
Dominant
13.25 (3.28)
13.75 (3.34)
1.78
13.2
Adolescents (10-18 years old)
Svensson et al (
2008
)
10 years
20BG
Grippit
7 days
NR
15.7 (3.98)
17.0 (4.89)
5.68
34.8
14 years
19BG
32.3 (8.66)
33.1 (8.57)
4.74
14.5
Ortega et al (
2008
)
13.7 (0.8)
69B
Takei
2 weeks
Avg of both hands
31.2 (6.4)
31.5 (6.9)
4.90
15.6
13.6 (0.8)
54G
26.1 (5.1)
26.1 (4.9)
3.53
13.5
Espana-Romero et al (
2010
)
(12-18)
80BG
Takei
7 days
Sum of both hands
50.5 (14.6)
51.9 (15.3)
9.60
18.8
Gerodimos (
2012
)
14.37 (0.61)
30B [BB]
Jamar
24 hours
Preferred
42.10 (9.44)
42.67 (9.15)
3.14
7.4
Non-preferred
41.27 (8.41)
41.81 (8.73)
3.25
7.8
Gerodimos & Karatrantou (
2013
)
14.60 (0.50)
27B [WR]
Jamar
24 hours
Preferred
47.07 (8.32)
47.26 (8.56)
2.94
6.2
Non-preferred
46.67 (9.2)
46.63 (9.23)
3.60
7.7
Ramirez-Velez et al (
2015
)
12.8 (2.4)
124B
Takei
7 days
Avg of both hands
19.6 (8.9)
19.0 (8.5)
3.92
20.3
12.8 (2.5)
105G
16.9 (5.1)
16.5 (5.4)
3.14
18.8
Dugdale et al (
2019
)
NR for each group, overall 13.5 (1.8) [SO]
26B
Takei
7-14 days
Dominant
17.8 (2.6)
17.7 (2.9)
1.91
10.7
51B
18.1 (3.6)
18.7 (3.3)
4.11
22.4
75B
21.5 (4.5)
22.1 (4.8)
4.83
22.2
59B
25.3 (5.3)
25.9 (5.8)
4.87
19.0
81B
33.2 (7.5)
33.4 (7.2)
5.88
17.7
46B
37.7 (7.2)
38.3 (6.3)
5.28
13.9
35B
37.5 (7.3)
37.8 (7.0)
7.01
18.6
Gasior et al (
2020
)
10~13
87B 82G
Jamar
24 hours
Dominant
22.68 (5.60)
22.70 (5.50)
2.41
10.6
O'Keeffe et al (2020)
13.44 (0.35)
19B, 26G
Takei
7 days
Avg of both hands
21.5 (4.1)
21.5 (4.5)
2.16
10.0
13.42 (0.32)
20B, 21G
25.3 (5.4)
25.0 (5.3)
1.76
7.0
Trajkovic et al (
2024
)
12.2 (0.4)
32B 24G
Jamar
5 days
Right
20.50 (4.89)
19.32 (4.91)
5.25
26.4
Left
18.64 (4.07)
18.01 (4.39)
5.17
28.2
Takei
Right
20.81 (4.84)
20.16 (5.34)
5.53
27.0
Left
19.22 (4.26)
19.01 (4.94)
5.54
29.0
B, boys; G, girls; Avg, average; NR, not reported; MD, minimal difference; %MD, percentage of a minimal difference to the measured value; HGS, handgrip strength (unit in kilograms); BB, basketball players; WR, wrestlers; SO, soccer players