Table 3.
Study characteristics and absolute reliability in young and middle-aged adults.
Author (Year)
Age (yr)
Sex
Device
Interval
Arm
HGS test1
HGS test2
MD (kg)
% MD
Young Adults (18-35 years old)
Balogun et al. (
1991
)
23.7 (2.4)
60M
Harpenden
within 7 days
Right
36.7 (7.7)
36.2 (7.3)
4.23
11.6
Left
35.4 (6.7)
35.0 (6.8)
4.59
13.0
60W
Right
24.1 (5.2)
24.6 (5.0)
3.76
15.4
Left
22.1 (4.5)
22.1 (4.2)
3.46
15.7
Hamilton et al. (
1992
)
23.8 (4.9)
29W
Jamar
7 days
Right
63.09 (9.43)
*
69.21 (8.08)
*
9.19
13.9
14 days
63.09 (9.43)
*
66.23 (10.50)
*
11.55
17.9
Gerodimos (
2012
)
26.06 (5.57)
30M [BB]
Jamar
24 hours
Preferred
66.49 (9.33)
66.71 (9.68)
4.57
6.9
Non-preferred
65.68 (9.16)
65.95 (9.26)
4.06
6.2
Savva et al. (
2013
)
21~26
10M 9W
Jamar
7 days
Dominant
35.6 (12.1)
36.2 (12.7)
6.45
18.0
Petersen et al. (
2015
)
25(2)
8M
Takei
7 days
Right
50.8 (10.6)
(pooled)
5.43
10.7
Left
48.0 (10.7)
(pooled)
6.93
14.4
Karatrantou et al. (
2020
)
18.5 (3.4)
14M 6W
Jamar
3 days
Preferred
40.45 (8.70)
40.65 (8.80)
2.66
6.6
Non-preferred
39.85 (9.42)
40.00 (8.81)
4.80
12.0
Boshnjaku et al. (
2021
)
22.6 (3.7)
31M 26W
Jamar
7-97 days
Dominant
41.5 (10.7)
42.3 (11.0)
5.29
12.6
Venegas-Carro et al. (
2022
)
24.2 (2.2)
10M 7W
Jamar
7 days
Preferred
47.7(12)
47.9(12)
3.1
6.6
9 weeks
47.7(12)
48.4(14)
5.7
11.8
Gil et al. (
2022
)
22.7 (2.8)
6M 6W
Straingauge
7 days
Right
35.0 (9.8)
35.8 (10.1)
4.78
13.5
Left
33.0 (8.9)
34.0 (9.0)
3.51
10.5
Cildan Uysal et al. (
2022
)
22.32 (0.79)
19M 31W
K-Force Grip
48 hours
Right (standing)
25.92 (8.49)
25.86 (8.38)
2.68
10.4
Left (standing)
23.98 (8.01)
23.75 (7.3)
3.22
13.5
Right (sitting)
25.67 (8.36)
25.58 (8.25)
2.84
11.1
Left (sitting)
23.69 (7.43)
23.64 (7.45)
3.32
14.0
Biasini et al. (
2023
)
24.4 (1.4)
10M 10W
JTECH
2-5 days
Dominant
45.4 (13.7)
44.4 (13.7)
6.90
15.4
Maurya et al. (
2023
)
21(3)
20W
Dynamo Torque Analyzer
2-7 days
Dominant
18.8 (4.5)
18.2 (4.6)
3.37
18.2
Leszczak et al. (
2024
)
22.2 (1.46)
44M 78W
Biometrics E-Link EP9
2 weeks
Right (rater #1)
35.36 (11.69)
35.44 (11.77)
2.16
6.1
Left (rater #1)
30.47 (9.89)
30.50 (9.81)
1.65
5.4
Right (rater #2)
35.58 (11.66)
35.72 (11.70)
2.08
5.8
Left (rater #2)
30.06 (9.87)
30.01 (9.68)
1.98
6.6
Young and Middle-aged Adults
Walamies & Turjanmaa (
1993
)
23-49
13M 27W
Straingauge
1-2 months
Dominant
36.9 (11.2)
37.5 (11.2)
4.39
11.8
Essendrop et al. (
2001
)
35 (6.9)
6M 13W
Jamar
7 days
Right
39.8 (10.2)
41.5 (10.5)
4.00
9.8
Tan et al. (
2001
)
34.3 (8.2)
12M, 9W [BL]
Takei
24 hours
Bowling hand
38.2 (8.8)
37.4 (7.9)
6.45
17.1
Ward & Adams (
2007
)
19~47
9M 21W
Jamar
24 hours
Dominant
32.77 (10.43)
32.2 (9.85)
6.70
20.6
Non-dominant
30.79 (9.69)
29.94 (8.47)
6.53
21.5
MIE
Dominant
30.02 (8.17)
28.47 (8.91)
6.88
23.5
Non-dominant
27.56 (8.13)
27.55 (8.23)
5.76
20.9
Lafayette
Dominant
29.41 (12.04)
28.11 (12.38)
9.37
32.6
Non-dominant
27.84 (10.97)
26.11 (10.69)
7.61
28.2
Abe et al. (
2018
)
54(6)
9M 9W
Takei
24 hours
Right
40.1 (10.9)
38.7 (11.4)
3.97
10.1
Abe et al. (
2019
)
46.4 (13.2)
10M 10W
Takei
24 hours
Right
39.5 (10.8)
38.5 (10.8)
3.5
8.9
Jamar
42.6 (12.8)
41.5 (12.8)
4.6
10.9
Beauchamp et al. (
2021
)
58(4)
18M 30W
NR
7 days
Dominant
36.65 (12.63)
37.56 (12.84)
6.07
16.4
Young, Middle-age and Older Adults
Tsang et al. (
2005
)
37.8 (10.9)
226M 322W
Jamar
3 days
Dominant
36.2 (10.4)
35.7 (10.3)
6.10
17.0
Nondominant
33.7 (10.0)
33.3 (10.0)
6.10
18.2
Bohannon (
2006
)
38.0 (15.6)
14M, 16W
MicroFET
24 hours
Right
44.1 (15.3)
44.3 (16.1)
5.85
13.2
Left
42.2 (14.1)
41.8 (14.7)
4.79
11.4
Bohannon et al. (
2011
)
45.7 (23.5)
14M, 14W
Jamar
4-10 days
Right
38.2 (10.0)
38.8 (10.8)
6.94
15.3
Left
35.9 (9.8)
36.5 (10.2)
5.88
19.2
Plant et al. (
2016
)
(23-67)
10M 15W
JTECH (Manual)
11.3 (10.6) weeks
NR
27.5 (9.6)
26.7 (8.9)
5.32
19.6
JTECH (Electronic)
28.4 (10.2)
27.9 (9.4)
5.66
20.1
Kieser et al. (
2025
)
48.0 (20.2)
39M 61W
Biopac
2-10 days
Max value of both hands
26.9 (9.7)
27.1 (9.6)
4.63
17.1
B, boys; G, girls; M, men; W, women; Avg, average; NR, not reported; MD, minimal difference; %MD, percentage of a minimal difference to the measured value; HGS, handgrip strength (unit in kilograms); BB, basketball players; BL, 10-pin bowlers.
*The unit of measured grip strength was pounds per square inch. Thus, this study was not included in the minimal differences (MD) analysis.