Table 2. Changes in hypoxia-induced markers and biomarkers of skeletal muscle before (pre) and after (post) 3 weeks of exercise training in normoxia (NT) and hypoxia (HT). |
| Variables |
NT,
n=12 |
HT,
n=12 |
Main
effects (p-value, ηp2) |
| Pre |
Post |
Pre |
Post |
Ox |
T |
Ex |
Ox*T |
Ox*Ex |
T*Ex |
Ox*T*Ex |
HIF-1α
[ng/mL] |
rest |
0.7 ±
0.4 |
0.5 ±
0.2 |
0.5 ±
0.4 |
0.5 ±
0.3 |
0.359
(0.080) |
0.778
(0.008) |
0.005
(0.526) |
0.162
(0.170) |
0.351
(0.079) |
0.654
(0.019) |
0.050
(0.310) |
| max |
0.8
± 0.8 |
0.6
± 0.3 |
0.6
± 0.4 |
1.2
± 0.5 |
VEGF
[ng/mL] |
rest |
41.5 ±
21.8 |
46.8 ±
32.1 |
42.5 ±
25.0 |
62.4 ±
25.0 |
0.359
(0.080) |
0.778
(0.008) |
0.005
(0.526) |
0.162
(0.170) |
0.351
(0.079) |
0.654
(0.019) |
0.050
(0.310) |
| max |
51.5
± 16.4 |
50.7
± 22.5 |
60.1
± 16.8 |
81.7
± 16.8* |
CK
[U/L] |
rest |
130.9 ±
61.2 |
134.5 ±
60.3 |
132.2 ±
34.0 |
125.9 ±
31.6 |
0.359
(0.080) |
0.778
(0.008) |
0.005
(0.526) |
0.162
(0.170) |
0.351
(0.079) |
0.654
(0.019) |
0.050
(0.310) |
| max |
164.3
± 77.4 |
177.3
± 77.8 |
166.8
± 57.4 |
145.7
± 41.3## |
LDH
[U/L] |
rest |
353.8 ±
49.8 |
361.2 ±
42.2 |
358.3 ±
33.9 |
334.1 ±
42.9 |
0.140
(0.187) |
0.050
(0.041) |
0.000
(0.844) |
0.152
(0.177) |
0.852
(0.003) |
0.630
(0.022) |
0.232
(0.127) |
| max |
398.8
± 54.0 |
411.6
± 52.9 |
418
± 50.7 |
375.5
± 48.8**## |
TN
[ng/mL] |
rest |
1.6 ±
0.5 |
1.6 ±
0.9 |
1.8 ±
1.2 |
2.0 ±
1.0 |
0.060
(0.286) |
0.077
(0.257) |
0.001
(0.647) |
0.940
(0.001) |
0.743
(0.010) |
0.857
(0.003) |
0.996
(0.000) |
| max |
1.8
± 1.0 |
2.0
± 1.5 |
1.9
± 1.4 |
2.4
± 0.9 |
Mb
[ng/mL] |
rest |
38.4 ±
5.2 |
37.8 ±
7.2 |
38.5 ±
5.8 |
35.6 ±
7.6 |
0.083
(0.248) |
0.625
(0.022) |
0.000
(0.882) |
0.001
(0.617) |
0.062
(0.281) |
0.414
(0.062) |
0.001
(0.647) |
| max |
42.7
± 11.7 |
54.7
± 11.8 |
47.2
± 8.6 |
35.9
± 12.2*### |
|
HIF-1α - hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha; VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor; CK - creatine kinase; LDH - lactate dehydrogenase; TN -troponin; Mb - myoglobin; rest – at baseline; max – immediately after graded exercise test. Ox-oxygen conditions; T-training and Ex-exercise effects. Data are means and SD. |
** p < 0.01 significant differences between post HT vs. pre HT; |
###p < 0.001 significant differences between post-HT vs. post-NT. |
|