Table 3. Changes in cytokines before (pre) and after (post) 3 weeks exercise training in normoxia (NT) and hypoxia (HT). |
| Variables |
NT,
n=12 |
HT,
n=12 |
Main
effects (p-value, ηp2) |
| Pre |
Post |
Pre |
Post |
Ox |
T |
Ex |
Ox*T |
Ox*Ex |
T*Ex |
Ox*T*Ex |
IL-6
[pg/mL] |
rest |
1.7 ±
0.6 |
1.5 ±
0.5 |
1.7 ±
0.4 |
1.2 ±
0.3 |
0.001
(0.642) |
0.154
(0.175) |
0.000
(0.809) |
0.042
(0.324) |
0.048
(0.309) |
0.003
(0.575) |
0.051
(0.304) |
| max |
2.3
± 0.3 |
2.6
± 0.5 |
2.2
± 0.7 |
1.7
± 0.4*### |
TNF-α
[pg/mL] |
rest |
46.2 ±
13.3 |
59.5 ±
15.9 |
51.6 ±
1.2 |
44.8 ±
15.8 |
0.013
(0.441) |
0.338
(0.084) |
0.000
(0.784) |
0.009
(0.474) |
0.833
(0.248) |
0.313
(0.092) |
0.577
(0.029) |
| max |
65.0
± 21.7 |
66.6
± 21.5 |
69.1
± 26.0 |
52.6
± 21.2## |
TGF-β
[ng/mL] |
rest |
442.3 ±
57.4 |
426.1 ±
49.2 |
442.3 ±
50.1 |
422.1 ±
34.4***### |
0.097
(0.230) |
0.018
(0.410) |
0.001
(0.641) |
0.018
(0.410) |
0.010
(0.469) |
0.142
(0.185) |
0.002
(0.410) |
| max |
504.6
± 50.0 |
492.4
± 51.8 |
500.5
± 45.6 |
450.2
± 38.2 |
|
IL-6HS-interleukin 6 highly sensitive, TNF-α-tumour necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β-transforming growth factor beta; rest – at baseline; max – immediately after graded exercise test. Ox-oxygen conditions; T-training and Ex-exercise effects. Data are means and SD. |
***p < 0.001 significant differences between post-HT vs. pre-HT; |
###p < 0.001significant differences between post - HT vs. post - NT. |
|