| (Alfredson
et al., 1998) |
VAS0–100
during activity: ECC 81.2→4.8 at 12w (p<0.001); comparator
71.8→21.2 at 24w (p<0.01). Between-group: ECC faster/larger
↓. |
No VISA. |
RTS: 100%
ECC back to pre-injury running at 12w. Strength deficits at BL resolved
after ECC. |
NR. |
No AEs
with ECC. |
| (Demir
Benli et al., 2022) |
VAS0–10:
at 3m both ≈2.6; NS between groups. At 2y: ECC 1.2 (↑, p<0.001)
vs ESWT 5.4 (NS) → long-term benefit only with ECC. |
VISA-A:
both ↑ to ≈80 at 3m (both p<0.001), NS between groups. |
RTS not
direct; “recovery” 81% ECC vs 77% ESWT at EOT. |
US: thickness
↑ with ECC (4.7→5.2 mm, p=0.002); stiffness ↑ (strain
ratio 2.1→3.1, p=0.039); ESWT NS. Neovasc: NS. |
63/63 completed;
no major AEs. |
| (Beyer
et al., 2015) |
VAS0–10
(running, heel-rise) ↓ 0–12w, maintained 52w (both p<0.0001);
NS between ECC and HSR. |
VISA-A:
ECC 58→84; HSR 54→89 (time p<0.0001); NS between groups. |
Activity
level ↑ modestly; RTS NR. |
US: thickness
↓ both (p<0.001). Doppler ↓ both (time p<0.005). |
Satisfaction
12w higher in HSR (100% vs 80%, p=0.052); adherence: ECC 78% vs HSR 92%
(p<0.005). No major AEs. |
| (Habets
et al., 2021) |
VAS0–100
ADL: AG 28.6→5.8; SG 28.6→9.0 (both p=0.004); NS between groups.
Sports: AG 44.8→13.1; SG 46.6→12.8 (both p=0.027); NS. |
VISA-A:
AG 60.7→89.4; SG 59.8→83.2 (both p<0.001). NS treatment
effect (2.4; 95% CI −8.5 to 13.3; p=0.656). |
GPE: more
“improved” in SG (77% vs 50%, p=0.04). RTS NR. |
NR. |
Adherence
high (AG 74%, SG 77%). One SG dropout after race. |
| (Knobloch
et al., 2007) |
VAS0–10:
Wrap+ECC 5.1→3.2 (−37%, p=0.0001); ECC 5.5→3.6
(−35%, p=0.0001); NS between groups. |
FAOS: both
↑; larger % gains with Wrap+ECC (all p≤0.006 vs ECC). |
RTS NR;
FAOS-Sport ↑ more with Wrap+ECC. |
Microcirculation:
Wrap+ECC StO2 ↑, venous pressure ↓ more
vs ECC; capillary flow patterns differed. |
81% completed;
no AEs. |
| (Knobloch
et al., 2008) |
VAS0–10:
Wrap+ECC 5.1→2.9 (−43%, p=0.0001); ECC 5.4→3.6
(−33%, p=0.0001); NS at final. |
FAOS: ↑
both; no between-group diff at end. |
RTS NR. |
Wrap+ECC:
StO2 ↑ tendon & paratendon; venous pressure ↓
broadly. ECC alone: limited microvascular change. |
Safe; no
AEs. |
| (Langberg
et al., 2007) |
VAS0–100:
injured 44→13 after 12w ECC (p<0.05). |
— |
RTS: all
6 injured elite soccer players returned. |
Microdialysis:
collagen synthesis ↑ (PICP 3.9→19.7 μg/L, p<0.05)
in injured; no change healthy; degradation (ICTP) unchanged. |
100% adherence;
no AEs. |
| (Malliaras
et al., 2013) |
—
(no symptoms) |
— |
Strength:
5RM ↑ all groups; greatest in High-load ECC. |
Tendon:
modulus/stiffness ↑ all at 50–75% MVIC; only High-load ECC
↑ at 75–100% MVIC. CSA unchanged. |
Training
pain ~1.3–2.0% sessions; no consequential AEs. |
| “center”>(Radovanović
et al., 2022) |
NRS0–10:
modest ↓ all (−0.55±0.9, p<0.001); NS between
groups. |
VISA-A:
↑ ≈+20 pts in all (time p<0.001; no interaction). |
High-load
only: MVC ↑7% (p=0.045). CMJ ↓ slightly all. |
High-load
only: stiffness ↑20% (p=0.049), CSA ↑9% (p<0.001),
max strain ↓12% (p=0.001); modulus NS. |
Compliance
similar (80–90%); no AEs. |
| (Rompe
et al., 2007) |
NRS0–10:
ECC 7.0→3.6; SWT 6.8→4.0; Wait 7.9→5.9. ECC &
SWT > Wait (p<0.001); ECC vs SWT NS. |
VISA-A:
ECC 51→76; SWT 50→70; Wait 48→55. ECC & SWT
> Wait (p<0.001); ECC vs SWT NS. |
Likert
recovery 1–2: 60% (ECC), 52% (SWT), 24% (Wait). |
Tendon
diameter: no change. |
Minor transient
effects only; no ruptures. |
| (Rompe
et al., 2009) |
NRS0–10:
ECC 7.0→3.9; ECC+SWT 6.8→2.4; between-group −1.5
(95% CI 0.5–2.5, p=0.0045). |
VISA-A:
ECC 51→73; ECC+SWT 50→87; between-group +13.5
(p=0.0016). |
Likert
1–2: 56% vs 82% (p=0.001). At 12m, differences diminished due to
crossovers/surgeries. |
NR. |
Minor transient
effects; analgesic use associated with failure. |
| (Stergioulas
et al., 2008) |
VAS0–100
during activity: LLLT better at 4w (53.6 vs 71.5, p=0.0003), 8w (37.3 vs
62.8, p=0.0002), 12w (33.0 vs 53.0, p=0.007). |
Secondary
function: morning stiffness ↓, dorsiflexion ↑, palpation tenderness/crepitation
↓ more with LLLT (all p<0.05). |
RTS NR;
clinical recovery accelerated (LLLT 4w ≈ placebo 12w). |
NR. |
High adherence;
4 transient calf aches resolved; no serious AEs. |