| Gao F. |
30 m |
My Sprint App |
Crouched 3-point start; grass football pitch |
Video/app-based |
| Little T. |
20 m |
Video-camera analysis |
Not reported |
Video/app-based |
| Sayers A.L. |
30 m |
Photocells |
Static self-selected start; outdoor tartan track |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Hostrup M. |
30 m |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Unclear |
| Nobari H. |
20 m and 30 m |
Timing gates |
Start not reported; third-generation Astroturf |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Wallenta C. |
5 m |
Photocells |
Standing start, 0.5 m behind first gate; outdoor artificial turf |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Rønnestad B.R. (2011) |
40 m |
Photocells |
Standing start, 0.5 m behind first gate; outdoor artificial turf |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Rønnestad B.R. (2008) |
30 m |
Photocells |
Standing start, 0.5 m behind first gate; outdoor artificial turf |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Rey E. |
30 m |
Electronic timing gates |
Standing start, 0.5 m behind first gate; artificial turf |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| López-Segovia M. |
20 m and 30 m |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Unclear |
| Gee T.I. |
40 m |
Double-light barriers |
Self-selected start, 0.75 m before first barrier; surface not clearly reported |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Pareja-Blanco F. |
30 m |
Photocells |
Stationary start; surface not clearly reported |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Loturco I. (2015) |
5 m |
Electronic timing gates |
Stationary start for 10 m; flying/maximal-speed start for 20 m; indoor synthetic pitch |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Loturco I. (2017) |
5 m, 20 m, and 30 m |
Photocells |
Standing start; natural grass |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Iaia F.M. |
20 m and 40 m |
Photocells |
Standing position, 0.3 m behind start line; indoor running track |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Kobal R. |
20 m |
Photoelectric timing gates |
Parallel standing start, 0.3 m behind line; grass soccer pitch |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Keiner M. |
20 m |
Electronic timing gates/photocells |
Split-legged stance, 70 cm behind first photocells; surface not clearly reported |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Milanović Z. |
20 m |
Not reported |
Start not reported; surface not clearly reported |
Unclear |
| Bettariga F. |
5 m, 20 m, and 30 m |
Infrared photoelectric cells |
Standing start, 0.5 m before first gate; indoor court |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Silva-Neto M.E. |
30 m |
Photocells |
Standing/static start; front foot 50 cm behind line; indoor hard/even surface or indoor sprint track |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Dupont G. |
40 m |
Photocells |
Standing start, 30 cm behind first photocell; hard even indoor surface |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| McMorrow B.J. |
5 m and 20 m |
Photoelectric cells |
Self-determined start, 0.5 m before first gate; artificial grass |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Hammami M. (2017) |
5 m, 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m |
Automated timing device with pressure pad and electronic gates |
Standing start; lead foot on pressure pad; indoor artificial playing surface |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Hammami M. (2018a) |
5 m and 40 m |
Not clearly reported |
Not reported |
Unclear |
| Hammami M. (2018b) |
5 m, 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m |
Electronic photocells |
Standing start, 0.5 m behind first gate; natural grass |
Electronic/photoelectric |
| Hammami M. (2020) |
5 m, 20 m, 30 m, and 40 m |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Unclear |