Table 1. Study characteristics, reported outcomes, assessment tools, and selected contextual/clinical variables of the included studies.
Author (Year) Age, yrs BMI, kg/m2 Intervention (M/F) Control (M/F) Reported
Outcomes		 Assessment
Tools/Instruments		 Training adherence / exposure Medication use Dietary
control		 Pubertal stage Baseline
physical activity
Seabra et al. (2014) 8-12 ≥ 85th percentile 12/0 8/0 BMI, BFP, LBM Stadiometer, DXA1 Attendance ≈85% Participants taking medication excluded Dietary intake recorded Maturity offset reported Baseline PA assessed (accelerometer)
Seabra et al. (2016) 8-12 > 2 SD (WHO) 29/0 30/0 BFP, LBM, WC, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP,DBP Stadiometer, DXA1, enzymatic kits2 Attendance >85% Medication affecting outcomes excluded Dietary intake recorded + nutrition session Tanner stage reported Baseline PA assessed (accelerometer)
Knoepfli-Lenzin et al. (2010) 25-45 37.0 ± 4.0 15/0 17/0 BFP, LBM, WC, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C DXA3 Training frequency ≈2.4 sessions/week Participants with relevant medication excluded - NA (adults) Habitually active participants reported
Weintraub et al. (2008) 9-10 ≥ 85th percentile 9/- 12/- BMI Stadiometer Attendance ≈42% Participants with relevant medication excluded No dietary intervention - Baseline PA assessed (accelerometer)
Vasconcellos et al. (2016) 12-17 > 2 SD (WHO) 8/2 6/4 BMI, BFP, LBM, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, SBP, DBP Stadiometer, DXA5, analyzer4, kits2 - Medication excluded No dietary intervention Tanner stage 4-5 -
Vasconcellos et al. (2021) 13-17 ≥ 97th percentile 4/2 5/2 BMI, BFP, WC, TG, HDL-C, SBP, DBP Stadiometer, DXA5, analyzer4, kits2 Attendance ≈100% Health conditions/medications excluded - Tanner stage 3-5 -
Soares et al. (2023) 12-17 ≥ 95th percentile 8/2 6/2 BMI, BFP, WC, LBM Stadiometer, DXA5 Attendance ≈100% Medical conditions excluded No dietary monitoring Tanner stage 4-5 -
Lousa et al. (2017) 8-12 > 2 SD (WHO) 13/0 13/0 BMI, BFP, WC Stadiometer, DXA1 Attendance >85% Participants taking medication excluded - - -
Randers et al. (2010) 20-43 25.6 ± 0.6 10/- 7/- BFP, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C DXA3, analyzer4, kits2 Training frequency 2.4 → 1.3 sessions/week None reported Additional organized training not allowed NA Participants untrained ≥2 years
Cvetković et al. (2018) 11-13 > 20.5 10/- 14/- BMI, BFP, LBM, SBP, DBP Stadiometer, BIA6 ≥50% session participation Health contraindications excluded Participants asked to maintain usual diet - No regular exercise prior to study
Faude et al. (2010) 8-12 - 5/6 3/8 BMI Stadiometer Attendance ≈65-72% None reported Nutrition component removed Tanner ≤2 No regular sports participation
Krustrup et al. (2009) 20-43 25.6 ± 0.6 12/0 10/0 BMI, BFP, LBM, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP, DBP DXA3, analyzer4, kits2 27.6 sessions completed None reported - NA Participants previously untrained
Hansen et al. (2013) 8-12 ≥ 85th percentile 17/3 7/4 BMI, SBP, DBP - No dropouts reported None reported Participants maintained usual diet Preadolescent participants Baseline PA described
Wang et al. (2023) 12-14 Simple obesity 12/0 12/0 BMI, BFP, LBM - Training frequency 4 sessions/week Participants using weight-loss drugs excluded - Adolescents (12-14 yrs) Regular exercisers excluded
Andersen et al. (2014) 49.8 ± 1.7 30.4 ± 5.1 12/0 9/0 BMI, BFP, LBM DXA3 37.6 sessions completed Participants continued routine glucose-lowering medication Participants instructed not to change lifestyle NA Habitual PA maintained
Andersen et al. (2016) 68.1 ± 2.1 27.0 ± 4.3 9/0 8/0 BMI, BFP, LBM, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, SBP, DBP DXA3, analyzer4, reagents2 Attendance 66-73%; training frequency 1.7-1.8 sessions/week No subjects took medication 3-day dietary intake recorded NA Baseline PA measured (pedometer + questionnaire)
BMI, body mass index; BFP, body fat percentage; WC, waist circumference; LBM, lean body mass; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; WHO, World Health Organization; SD, standard deviation; M/F, male/female; PA, physical activity; NA, not applicable. M/F indicates the number of male and female participants in each group. Training adherence/exposure refers to participant compliance with the intervention, including attendance rate, number of sessions completed, or training frequency, as reported by the original studies. “–” indicates data not reported. Superscript numbers denote the measurement tools or assay methods reported in the included studies: 1DXA (e.g., Hologic QDR 4500A); 2enzymatic assay kits/reagents; 3DXA (e.g., Lunar GE systems); 4automated biochemical analyzer; 5standard clinical blood pressure device; 6bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).