Table 3. Hip and knee joint angles and angular velocities in Phase 2.
Variables BFR (n = 8) GLE (n = 6) Z (p) Effect size r (95%CI)
Front Leg
Hip Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 67.06 ± 11.75 74.48 ± 17.17 .516 (.662)
Post 73.91 ± 9.76 72.47 ± 23.89 .645 (.573)
Z (p) 1.260 (.208) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 6.83 ± 12.93 -2.01 ± 17.57 1.033 (.345) .28 (-.30~.70)
Front Leg
Hip Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 157.09 ± 61.90 200.79 ± 111.99 .516 (.662)
Post 193.65 ± 53.22 177.49 ± 114.64 .258 (.852)
Z (p) 1.120 (.263) .943 (.345)
Diff (Δ) 36.56 ± 82.95 -23.31 ± 58.53 1.420 (.181) .38 (-.19~.76)
Front Leg
Hip Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 114.81 ± 73.48 66.82 ± 88.26 1.291 (.228)
Post 98.31 ± 85.84 71.52 ± 95.32 .645 (.573)
Z (p) .420 (.674) .314 (.753)
Diff (Δ) -16.50 ± 75.04 4.70 ± 65.92 .645 (.573) -.17 (-.64~.39)
Front Leg
Knee Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 66.44 ± 22.31 70.01 ± 27.79 .258 (.852)
Post 84.15 ± 12.95 75.61 ± 25.46 .387 (.755)
Z (p) 2.100 (.036)* .943 (.345)
Diff (Δ) 17.71 ± 19.75 5.59 ± 22.65 2.066 (.043)* .55 (.03~.84)
Front Leg
Knee Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 173.50 ± 109.21 252.08 ± 206.94 .387 (.755)
Post 228.34 ± 102.92 246.29 ± 139.21 .387 (.755)
Z (p) 1.400 (.161) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 54.84 ± 116.34 -5.79 ± 125.27 .904 (.414) .24 (-.33~.68)
Front Leg
Knee Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 382.79 ± 151.44 424.24 ± 284.14 .129 (.950)
Post 483.08 ± 169.19 459.82 ± 222.73 .258 (.852)
Z (p) 1.680 (.093) .734 (.463)
Diff (Δ) 100.30 ± 116.35 35.58 ± 108.82 1.291 (.228) .35 (-.23~.74)
Rear Leg
Hip Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 10.09 ± 10.40 11.84 ± 8.96 .387 (.755)
Post 14.65 ± 8.63 11.19 ± 8.06 .645 (.573)
Z (p) 1.400 (.161) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 4.55 ± 8.12 -.65 ± 9.22 1.162 (.282) .31 (-.26~.72)
Rear Leg
Hip Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 59.66 ± 51.30 58.51 ± 21.33 .129 (.950)
Post 59.48 ± 30.09 62.42 ± 37.60 .387 (.755)
Z (p) .000 (1.000) .314 (.753)
Diff (Δ) -.17 ± 40.72 3.91 ± 36.03 .258 (.852) -.07 (-.58~.48)
Rear Leg
Hip Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 187.47 ± 48.8 218.81 ± 16.86 1.936 (.059)
Post 179.83 ± 41.90 200.61 ± 28.56 1.033 (.345)
Z (p) 1.120 (.263) 1.153 (.249)
Diff (Δ) -7.64 ± 24.20 -18.19 ± 27.94 .645 (.573) .17 (-.39~.64)
Rear Leg
Knee Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 55.66 ± 9.79 57.34 ± 5.43 1.033 (.345)
Post 60.67 ± 7.53 56.19 ± 10.53 .516 (.662)
Z (p) 2.100 (.036)* .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 5.01 ± 5.63 -1.15 ± 11.69 1.033 (.345) .28 (-.30~.70)
Rear Leg
Knee Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre -2.76 ± 3.73 -3.28 ± 3.78 .129 (.950)
Post -2.38 ± 5.33 2.56 ± 7.13 1.291 (.228)
Z (p) .000 (1.000) .943 (.345)
Diff (Δ) .38 ± 5.05 5.84 ± 9.74 1.033 (.345) -.28 (-.70~.30)
Rear Leg
Knee Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 368.61 ± 88.02 373.61 ± 45.02 .516 (.662)
Post 368.36 ± 77.38 387.67 ± 68.05 .387 (.755)
Z (p) .420 (.674) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) -.25 ± 43.98 14.06 ± 61.22 .516 (.662) -.14 (-.62~.42)
All values are presented as Mean ± SD; BFR: Blood Flow Restriction; GLE: General Leg Extension
*p < 0.05.