Table 3.
Comparison of baseline gross motor development scores across groups. Data are means ±SD.
Test items
L
M
MH
H
F
P
η2p
Gallop
3.13 ± 2.45
3.67 ± 2.26
2.78 ± 2.46
3.21 ± 2.19
0.393
0.758
0.020
Slide
4.38 ± 2.58
4.00 ± 2.10
4.50 ± 1.86
4.07 ± 2.09
0.196
0.899
0.010
Skip
1.75 ± 1.91
1.87 ± 1.96
1.44 ± 1.92
1.50 ± 1.22
0.199
0.897
0.010
Hop
1.56 ± 1.63
1.87 ± 1.68
2.17 ± 1.29
2.43 ± 1.70
0.865
0.465
0.042
Run
4.56 ± 1.15
4.27 ± 1.10
5.22 ± 1.06
4.50 ± 1.29
2.162
0.102
0.099
Horizontal Jump
2.38 ± 1.93
3.33 ± 1.88
3.00 ± 1.28
2.86 ± 1.70
0.855
0.470
0.042
Total scores of Locomotor Movements
17.75 ± 8.00
19.00 ± 7.95
19.11 ± 6.28
19.00 ± 6.86
0.126
0.944
0.006
Forehand Strike of Self-bounced Ball
0.50 ± 0.73
0.73 ± 0.88
0.56 ± 0.86
0.93 ± 0.92
0.787
0.506
0.038
Kick a Stationary Ball
2.50 ± 1.26
2.73 ± 0.96
2.56 ± 1.15
2.71 ± 1.20
0.156
0.925
0.008
Underhand Throw
2.50 ± 1.86
2.53 ± 1.36
2.78 ± 1.35
3.21 ± 1.25
0.721
0.544
0.035
Overhand Throw
0.50 ± 0.89
0.87 ± 1.55
0.78 ± 0.81
1.50 ± 1.22
2.029
0.120
0.094
Two-hand Strike of a Stationary Ball
3.06 ± 1.39
2.87 ± 1.68
2.78 ± 1.83
3.00 ± 1.88
0.094
0.963
0.005
Two Hand Catch
2.25 ± 2.08
1.87 ± 1.77
1.67 ± 1.61
2.86 ± 1.75
1.281
0.289
0.061
One Hand Stationary Dribble
2.31 ± 1.74
2.60 ± 1.40
2.11 ± 1.13
2.50 ± 1.83
0.325
0.807
0.016
Total scores of Object Control Movements
13.63 ± 7.07
13.80 ± 6.73
13.22 ± 5.01
16.71 ± 6.12
0.970
0.413
0.047
Total scores
31.38 ± 12.72
32.80 ± 13.34
32.33 ± 10.27
35.71 ± 11.51
0.359
0.783
0.018
L: low-frequency group; M: medium-frequency group; MH: medium-high-frequency group; H: high-frequency group.