Table 5. Main and interaction effects for gross motor development outcomes across participation-frequency groups Test items Time Group Time × Group F p η2p F p η2p F p η2p Gallop 54.28 0.000 0.479 1.98 0.127 0.091 1.93 0.134 0.089 Slide 135.81 0.000 0.697 0.315 0.814 0.016 0.84 0.478 0.041 Skip 35.86 0.000 0.378 0.25 0.863 0.012 1.87 0.144 0.087 Hop 68.42 0.000 0.537 2.81 0.047 0.125 1.15 0.336 0.055 Run 321.19 0.000 0.845 2.891 0.043 0.128 1.62 0.194 0.076 Horizontal Jump 118.75 0.000 0.668 2.59 0.061 0.116 3.27 0.027 0.143 Total scores of Locomotor Movements 397.41 0.000 0.871 1.80 0.157 0.084 5.06 0.003 0.205 Forehand Strike of Self-bounced Ball 102.24 0.000 0.634 1.46 0.235 0.069 1.02 0.389 0.049 Kick a Stationary Ball 82.20 0.000 0.582 0.43 0.736 0.021 0.23 0.876 0.012 Underhand Throw 102.82 0.000 0.635 2.36 0.081 0.107 0.93 0.432 0.045 Overhand Throw 52.12 0.000 0.469 1.58 0.203 0.074 0.39 0.762 0.019 Two-hand Strike of a Stationary Ball 121.82 0.000 0.674 1.13 0.345 0.054 2.80 0.048 0.124 Two Hand Catch 202.95 0.000 0.775 0.55 0.653 0.027 3.84 0.014 0.163 One Hand Stationary Dribble 48.69 0.000 0.452 1.33 0.274 0.063 2.89 0.043 0.128 Total scores of Object Control Movements 486.72 0.000 0.892 2.00 0.125 0.092 4.41 0.007 0.183 Total scores 737.46 0.000 0.926 2.10 0.111 0.096 7.63 0.000 0.280 Effect sizes are reported as partial eta squared (η2p). Boldface indicates statistically significant effects. For outcomes with a significant Time × Group interaction, the interaction effect and subsequent simple-effects comparisons were interpreted rather than the main effects alone.