Table 1 Study inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Items Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Population (P) √ Soccer players of any age, sex, and competitive level √ Healthy and able to participate in training √ No major injury or illness × Athletes from other sports × Injured or rehabilitating players × Studies with outcomes not directly relevant to soccer performance
Intervention (I) √ Structured training interventions (e.g., CBT, PT, FT, HIIT, RST, SSG, STG, TST) √ Clearly defined training protocol (frequency, duration) × Non-training interventions (e.g., nutrition, medication, rehabilitation) × Unclear or poorly described intervention
Comparator (C) √ Other training modalities or control condition √ Traditional soccer training (TST) allowed as control × No comparator or single-arm studies × Studies without baseline or post-test data
Outcome(O) √ CMJ performance (e.g., CMJ height) √ Quantitative data (mean and SD available) √ Post-intervention outcomes reported × No CMJ outcome reported × Invalid or incomplete CMJ data × Outcomes not related to explosive performance
Study design (S) √ RCTs √ Published in English × Non-RCT designs (observational, cohort, case-control) × Reviews, meta-analyses, conference abstracts × Non-English articles
RCTs = Randomized controlled trials.