Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
ISSN: 1303 - 2968   
Ios-APP Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
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©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 05, 154 - 162

Case report
Effects of an Extreme Endurance Race on Energy Balance and Body Composition - A Case Study
Stefan Bircher,1 , Andreas Enggist2, Thomas Jehle3, Beat Knechtle4
Author Information
1 School of Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
2 Enggist Medical Fitness, Buchs, Switzerland
3 Praxisteam, Schaan, Fürstentum, Liechtenstein
4 Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Stefan Bircher
✉ Rietholzstrasse 17, CH-8125 Zollikerberg Switzerland
Email: Stefan.Bircher@gmx.ch
Publish Date
Received: 21-04-2005
Accepted: 08-12-2005
Published (online): 01-03-2006
 
 
ABSTRACT

The aim of this case study was to examine energy expenditure (EE) in one cyclist during an extreme endurance cycling race - the “XXAlps 2004” (2,272 km distance and 55,455 m altitude) which was completed in 5 days and 7 hours - and whether the energy deficit derives primarily from the degradation of subcutaneous adipose tissue or loss of muscle mass. Energy intake (EI) was continuously recorded. EE was estimated using two different methods: 1) Continuous heart rate recording using a portable heart rate monitor (POLAR® S710) and 2) using the individual relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake (VO2) determined under laboratory conditions. Body composition was assessed by measuring body mass, skinfold thickness and extremity circumferences. The cyclist lost 2.0 kg body mass, corresponding to 11,950 kcal (50 MJ). Fat mass was reduced by 790 g (7,110 kcal; 30 MJ) and fat free mass by 1.21 kg (4,840 kcal; 20 MJ). Circumferences of the lower extremities were reduced, in contrast skinfold thickness at the lower limbs increased. Energy deficit (ED) was calculated as the difference between EI and EE. Energy deficit using continuous heart rate monitoring was 29,554 kcal (124 MJ), and using the individual relationship between heart rate and VO2 was 7,111 kcal (30 MJ). The results show that the difference between ED due to decreased body mass and ED estimated from continuous heart rate monitoring was 74 MJ (124 MJ - 50 MJ). In contrast the difference between ED due to decreased body mass and ED estimated from laboratory data was 20 MJ (30 - 50 MJ). This difference between methodologies cannot properly be explained. Body mass and skinfold thickness may be overestimated due to hypoproteinemic oedemas during endurance exercise. Data from the present study suggests the individual relationship between heart rate and VO2 may provide a closer estimation of EE during extreme endurance exercise compared with corresponding data derived from continuous heart rate monitoring using the POLAR® S710.

Key words: Extreme endurance, cycling, heart rate monitoring, energy expenditure


           Key Points
  • During an extreme endurance cycling race, energy expenditure can not be covered by energy intake and an energy deficit results.
  • The energy deficit seems to be covered by degradation of subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscle mass.
  • Determination of energy expenditure during extreme endurance may be properly determined with the individual correlation of heart rate - VO instead of continuous heart rate monitoring.
 
 
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